A LIST OF ABSTRACTS OF RESEARCH WORKS AND ASSIGMENTS CARRIED OUT BY YUSSUF KOMBO [msC.]
Yussuf H. Kombo
Compiled August 2011
THIS DOCUMENT PRESENTS A LIST OF ABSTRACTS OF SOME RESEARCH WORKS AND ASSIGMENTS CARRIED OUT BY YUSSUF KOMBO AS FROM1994 TO DATE
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1) AGROFORESTRY IN THE CORAL RAGS SOILS OF ZANZIBAR (UNGUJA) –TANZANIA AND A SCOPE FOR DEVELOPMENT.
MSc. Thesis – University of North Bangor – Wales, UK)
Yussuf H. Kombo
1994
Abstract.
Coral rag soils are found in the eastern part of Unguja island – Zanzibar extending from north to south dominating the island east coast. The soils are shallow and have high pH value. They are fragile and susceptible to fertility depletion even under a slight increase in cultivation pressure.
This thesis presents the potential of the coral rag soils for the agro forestry. Existing agro forestry practices are examined. The main traditional agro forestry practices are in the coral soils are shifting cultivation and mixed cropping. Recently, taungya system has been introduced in forest plantations.
From few studies of alley cropping, species elimination trials and economic analysis of the intercropping carried out in the soils, it is apparent that the soils are capable and suitable for agro forestry systems and can be highly productive.
Recommendation is made for more agro forestry research and studies emphases have been placed on the conservation and proper utilization of indigenous plants. Trials on multiple cropping for soil improvement, alley cropping, nitrogen fixing trees with fruit trees and /or crops, species varieties/cultivars elimination trials and indigenous vegetation strips trials are discussed and recommended.
The scope of using the local available resources for tourism industry has been examined,
Agro-tourism and permanent/agriculture-settlement belts ate discussed and recommended as the possible solution for managing the soils areas without spoiling the available plants genetic pool, wildlife and human life and their activities.
==================================================================== 2) A Case study of small Scale nurseries. Marketing and transportation of seedling Yussuf H. Kombo, Bakari A. Ali and Khadija M. Khamis
1995
AbstractMSc. Thesis – University of North Bangor – Wales, UK)
Yussuf H. Kombo
1994
Abstract.
Coral rag soils are found in the eastern part of Unguja island – Zanzibar extending from north to south dominating the island east coast. The soils are shallow and have high pH value. They are fragile and susceptible to fertility depletion even under a slight increase in cultivation pressure.
This thesis presents the potential of the coral rag soils for the agro forestry. Existing agro forestry practices are examined. The main traditional agro forestry practices are in the coral soils are shifting cultivation and mixed cropping. Recently, taungya system has been introduced in forest plantations.
From few studies of alley cropping, species elimination trials and economic analysis of the intercropping carried out in the soils, it is apparent that the soils are capable and suitable for agro forestry systems and can be highly productive.
Recommendation is made for more agro forestry research and studies emphases have been placed on the conservation and proper utilization of indigenous plants. Trials on multiple cropping for soil improvement, alley cropping, nitrogen fixing trees with fruit trees and /or crops, species varieties/cultivars elimination trials and indigenous vegetation strips trials are discussed and recommended.
The scope of using the local available resources for tourism industry has been examined,
Agro-tourism and permanent/agriculture-settlement belts ate discussed and recommended as the possible solution for managing the soils areas without spoiling the available plants genetic pool, wildlife and human life and their activities.
==================================================================== 2) A Case study of small Scale nurseries. Marketing and transportation of seedling Yussuf H. Kombo, Bakari A. Ali and Khadija M. Khamis
1995
The study was done so that to come up with useful information which might help the sub commission for forestry and the government of Zanzibar to find means and techniques for sustainable small scale nurseries, the study also aimed at identifying potential an interested people in establishing and promoting small scale nurseries in term of production and marketing. The study result found that several nurseries off less that 0.04 of ha in terms of the areas, the y are all situated in areas where transport is not the main problem. Almost all surveyed nurseries were found to be in poor condition, and some are located under trees leaving seedling suffering from shade.. Species ranged from forest to fruit tress with different prices.
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3) Zanzibar Rubber Plantation Management Plan
Yussuf H. Kombo, Pereira A Silima and Amours B. Omar
1995
Abstract
The Zanzibar rubber plantations cover areas of at least 1270 ha. Of which 637 are in Unguja and 633 ha in Pemba. Unguja plantation is uniform and is located at Kichwele. Small plot of 11ha is found at Selem. That of Pemba is divided into at leant seven blocks of which Maziwani and Sanaa being the largest. Since their establishment, the plantations run without management plan. Thus plan is designed in such away to provide technical guidelines for day to day management of the plantations. Prescriptions covered field operations, maintenance, manuring and harvesting.
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4) Utilization of Indigenous Trees in Seaweed Cultivation.
A Casuarina equisetifolia study at Kiwengwa, Pwani Mchangani and Uroa villages
Makame K. Makame, Yussuf H. Kombo and Said A. Fakih
1996
In the eastern of Unguaj Island, several historical villages exist. Pwani Mchangani. Kiwengwa and Uroa are among the oldest villages. The inhabitants of these villages developed from fishing camps ’Dago’ and local harbor ‘Diko’. Before the introduction of sea weed and tourism, activities such as agriculture mainly shifting cultivation, coir making (coconut husk fibres), kofia waving, fishing and fish marketing (wachuuzi) were the main activities. Introduction of sea weed farming, tourism as well as accessibility to the villages had a major impact on culture, income and the utilization of natural resources of the villages. Seaweed cultivation is growing very fast in the coastal areas of both Unguja and Pemba islands. It has proved to be one of the most important income generating activities in several villages mostly for women and children. Cultivation of sea weed require large amount of durable erect sticks. It has been observed that good number of these sticks come from near by natural thickets and mainly of the indigenous trees are used for this purpose. These demands for seaweed stick have resulted in increased pressure on Zanzibar forest resources. Some species are being over utilized in some villages and thus loss of species rich ness in forest.
5) Agroforestry on-farm trial in the coral rags soils of Zanzibar
Sharon Harvey, Yussuf H Kombo and Makame Kitwana
1998
Abstract
Agroforestry on farm programme in the coral rag areas of Unguja commenced in November, 1993. The programme links the Sub commission for Forestry and sub commission for Research. The coral rags cover much of eastern part of Unguaj Island and occupy about 60% of the total land area of Unguja. The main farming system is shifting agriculture which is becoming increasingly unsustainable as demand for forest products and cultivable and intensity. Farmers designed agroforestry trials were established in masika 1994 to observe how farmers experiment with and manage different arrangements. The establishment of the trials. In twelve sites with seventy farmers, followed on from PRAs which were carried out to learn from farmers about their knowledge and experience with agroforestry strategies. Preliminary results revealed that mkeshia (Acacia auriculiformis) and an indigenous tree mkonge (Psychotria bibracteatum) are better for boundary planting than the well known Mvinje (Casuarina equisetifolia) which is susceptible to fire and damage from livestock. Farmers use these and other criteria to assess the performance of the tree species in their plots. Multiple purpose indigenous tree species, planted or allowed to regenerate in the cropland or the fence line to protect crops, were identified to have potential fro diversifying the tree component in farmers agroforestry systems. Papaya and kichaa chilies performed well when directly sown in the filed but survival for papaya overall was low. Gender preferences and differences in land tenure influenced farmer’s choice for planting niche. A positive impact of the trials has been the strength of capacity for research and extension at the farmers and village level. The research network as a whole has had a major impact on determining the direction of the research programme. Farmer’s innovations have provided useful information on opportunities for Agroforestry development.
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Agroforestry on farm programme in the coral rag areas of Unguja commenced in November, 1993. The programme links the Sub commission for Forestry and sub commission for Research. The coral rags cover much of eastern part of Unguaj Island and occupy about 60% of the total land area of Unguja. The main farming system is shifting agriculture which is becoming increasingly unsustainable as demand for forest products and cultivable and intensity. Farmers designed agroforestry trials were established in masika 1994 to observe how farmers experiment with and manage different arrangements. The establishment of the trials. In twelve sites with seventy farmers, followed on from PRAs which were carried out to learn from farmers about their knowledge and experience with agroforestry strategies. Preliminary results revealed that mkeshia (Acacia auriculiformis) and an indigenous tree mkonge (Psychotria bibracteatum) are better for boundary planting than the well known Mvinje (Casuarina equisetifolia) which is susceptible to fire and damage from livestock. Farmers use these and other criteria to assess the performance of the tree species in their plots. Multiple purpose indigenous tree species, planted or allowed to regenerate in the cropland or the fence line to protect crops, were identified to have potential fro diversifying the tree component in farmers agroforestry systems. Papaya and kichaa chilies performed well when directly sown in the filed but survival for papaya overall was low. Gender preferences and differences in land tenure influenced farmer’s choice for planting niche. A positive impact of the trials has been the strength of capacity for research and extension at the farmers and village level. The research network as a whole has had a major impact on determining the direction of the research programme. Farmer’s innovations have provided useful information on opportunities for Agroforestry development.
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6) The Cures of Jozani Forest
Yussuf H Kombo and Makame K. Makame
1998
Jozani has a very rich flora, hence variety of products extracted. It is highly recognized due to its existence of various ecosystems which harbors more than 100 native plant species of Zanzibar. The Jozani forest is composed of protected high forest and swamp forest which are encompassed by the largest mature dry land of coral forest. A wide range of benefits is provided to local communities ranging from timber to medicine which increase the pressure of exploitation on both woody and non woody products significantly. Local community around the forest depend either directly or indirect upon the forest for their needs. Medicinal plants occur naturally in Jozani, giving opportunity to rural inhabitants to traditionally use them for health papooses. Indeed, traditional knowledge about these plants and their uses has not yet been studded, arouse the fear that potential value of, medicinal plants of Jozani forest to vanish if studies are not conducted. This study aimed at documenting available information concerning the therapeutic value of medicinal plants of Jozani forest reserve of Zanzibar. The results of the study revealed that the forest is having more that one hundred tree plant species with different medical values locally and internationally. The techniques employed in making the medics, combination and dosage have being document for at least sixty tree species.
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7) Indigenous Tree for Agroforestry.
High potential tree for the coral rags
Yussuf H. Kombo
7) Indigenous Tree for Agroforestry.
High potential tree for the coral rags
Yussuf H. Kombo
1996
Abstract
The Zanzibar cash Crops farming System Project (ZCVCFSP) launched Agroforestry on farm programme in the coral rag areas of Unguja commenced in November, 1993. The programme among its role was to identify potential tree species that can be promoted and domesticated. ZCCFSP intend to encourage farmers to make use of indigenous tree species in their farms. The lesser known valuable tree species with both timber and non timber values have been studies for inclusion in the main farming systems of the coral rags. This study elicited important local knowledge on uses, growth habits, regeneration and management of selected indigenous trees of the coral rag so that to diversify the tree component in Zanzibar agroforestry. The study came up with twenty two species potential for agroforestry system in the coral rags.
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8) Zanzibar Rubber Plantation Management Plan
Yussuf H. Kombo, Pereira A. Silima and Amours B. Omar
1995
The Zanzibar cash Crops farming System Project (ZCVCFSP) launched Agroforestry on farm programme in the coral rag areas of Unguja commenced in November, 1993. The programme among its role was to identify potential tree species that can be promoted and domesticated. ZCCFSP intend to encourage farmers to make use of indigenous tree species in their farms. The lesser known valuable tree species with both timber and non timber values have been studies for inclusion in the main farming systems of the coral rags. This study elicited important local knowledge on uses, growth habits, regeneration and management of selected indigenous trees of the coral rag so that to diversify the tree component in Zanzibar agroforestry. The study came up with twenty two species potential for agroforestry system in the coral rags.
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8) Zanzibar Rubber Plantation Management Plan
Yussuf H. Kombo, Pereira A. Silima and Amours B. Omar
1995
Abstract
The Zanzibar rubber plantations cover areas of at least 1270 ha. Of which 637 are in Unguja and 633 ha in Pemba. Unguja plantation is uniform and is located at Kichwele. Small plot of 11ha is found at Selem. That of Pemba is divided into at least seven blocks of which Maziwani and Sanaa being the largest. Since their establishment, the plantations run without management plan. Thus plan is designed in such away to provide technical guidelines for day to day management of the plantations. Prescriptions covered field operations, maintenance, manuring and harvesting
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9) Utilization of Indigenous Trees in Seaweed Cultivation.
A Case study at Kiwengwa, Pwani Mchangani and Uroa villages
Makame K. Makame, Yussuf H. Kombo and Said A. Fakih
1996
A Case study at Kiwengwa, Pwani Mchangani and Uroa villages
Makame K. Makame, Yussuf H. Kombo and Said A. Fakih
1996
Abstract
In the eastern of Unguja Island, several historical villages exist. Pwani Mchangani. Kiwengwa and Uroa are among the oldest villages. The inhabitants of these villages developed from fishing camps ’Dago’ and local harbor ‘Diko’. Before the introduction of sea weed and tourism, activities such as agriculture mainly shifting cultivation, coir making (coconut husk fibers), kofia waving, fishing and fish marketing (wachuuzi) were the main activities. Introduction of sea weed farming, tourism as well as accessibility to the villages had a major impact on culture, income and the utilization of natural resources of the villages. Seaweed cultivation is growing very fast in the coastal areas of both Unguja and Pemba islands. It has proved to be one of the most important income generating activities in several villages mostly for women and children. Cultivation of sea weed require large amount of durable erect sticks. It has been observed that good number of these sticks come from nearby natural thickets and mainly of the indigenous trees is used for this purpose. These demands for seaweed stick have resulted in increased pressure on Zanzibar forest resources. Some species are being over utilized in some villages and thus loss of species richness in forest
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10) Agroforstry on-farm trial in the coral rags soils of Zanzibar
Sharon Harvey, Yussuf H Kombo and Makame Kitwana
1998
In the eastern of Unguja Island, several historical villages exist. Pwani Mchangani. Kiwengwa and Uroa are among the oldest villages. The inhabitants of these villages developed from fishing camps ’Dago’ and local harbor ‘Diko’. Before the introduction of sea weed and tourism, activities such as agriculture mainly shifting cultivation, coir making (coconut husk fibers), kofia waving, fishing and fish marketing (wachuuzi) were the main activities. Introduction of sea weed farming, tourism as well as accessibility to the villages had a major impact on culture, income and the utilization of natural resources of the villages. Seaweed cultivation is growing very fast in the coastal areas of both Unguja and Pemba islands. It has proved to be one of the most important income generating activities in several villages mostly for women and children. Cultivation of sea weed require large amount of durable erect sticks. It has been observed that good number of these sticks come from nearby natural thickets and mainly of the indigenous trees is used for this purpose. These demands for seaweed stick have resulted in increased pressure on Zanzibar forest resources. Some species are being over utilized in some villages and thus loss of species richness in forest
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10) Agroforstry on-farm trial in the coral rags soils of Zanzibar
Sharon Harvey, Yussuf H Kombo and Makame Kitwana
1998
Abstract
Agroforestry on farm programme in the coral rag areas of Unguja commenced in November, 1993. The programme links the Sub commission for Forestry and sub commission for Research. The coral rags cover much of eastern part of Unguja Island and occupy about 60% of the total land area of Unguja. The main farming system is shifting agriculture which is becoming increasingly unsustainable as demand for forest products and cultivable and intensity. Farmers designed agroforestry trials were established in masika 1994 to observe how farmers experiment with and manage different arrangements. The establishment of the trials. In twelve sites with seventy farmers, followed on from PRAs which were carried out to learn from farmers about their knowledge and experience with agroforestry strategies. Preliminary results revealed that mkeshia (Acacia auriculiformis) and an indigenous tree mkonge (Psychotria bibracteatum) are better for boundary planting than the well known Mvinje (Casuarina equisetifolia) which is susceptible to fire and damage from livestock. Farmers use these and other criteria to assess the performance of the tree species in their plots. Multiple purpose indigenous tree species, planted or allowed to regenerate in the cropland or the fence line to protect crops, were identified to have potential for diversifying the tree component in farmers agroforestry systems. Papaya and kichaa chilies performed well when directly sown in the field but survival for papaya overall was low. Gender preferences and differences in land tenure influenced farmer’s choice for planting niche. A positive impact of the trials has been the strength of capacity for research and extension at the farmers and village level. The research network as a whole has had a major impact on determining the direction of the research programme. Farmer’s innovations have provided useful information on opportunities for agroforestry development.
Agroforestry on farm programme in the coral rag areas of Unguja commenced in November, 1993. The programme links the Sub commission for Forestry and sub commission for Research. The coral rags cover much of eastern part of Unguja Island and occupy about 60% of the total land area of Unguja. The main farming system is shifting agriculture which is becoming increasingly unsustainable as demand for forest products and cultivable and intensity. Farmers designed agroforestry trials were established in masika 1994 to observe how farmers experiment with and manage different arrangements. The establishment of the trials. In twelve sites with seventy farmers, followed on from PRAs which were carried out to learn from farmers about their knowledge and experience with agroforestry strategies. Preliminary results revealed that mkeshia (Acacia auriculiformis) and an indigenous tree mkonge (Psychotria bibracteatum) are better for boundary planting than the well known Mvinje (Casuarina equisetifolia) which is susceptible to fire and damage from livestock. Farmers use these and other criteria to assess the performance of the tree species in their plots. Multiple purpose indigenous tree species, planted or allowed to regenerate in the cropland or the fence line to protect crops, were identified to have potential for diversifying the tree component in farmers agroforestry systems. Papaya and kichaa chilies performed well when directly sown in the field but survival for papaya overall was low. Gender preferences and differences in land tenure influenced farmer’s choice for planting niche. A positive impact of the trials has been the strength of capacity for research and extension at the farmers and village level. The research network as a whole has had a major impact on determining the direction of the research programme. Farmer’s innovations have provided useful information on opportunities for agroforestry development.
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11) VEGETATION RECCONNAISSANCE SURVEY OF KIWENGWA FOREST RESERVE OF ZANZIBAR – TANZANIA.
Yussuf H. Kombo, Said J. Ali, Said Fakih, Tahir Abbass and Duncan Oliver
2004
11) VEGETATION RECCONNAISSANCE SURVEY OF KIWENGWA FOREST RESERVE OF ZANZIBAR – TANZANIA.
Yussuf H. Kombo, Said J. Ali, Said Fakih, Tahir Abbass and Duncan Oliver
2004
Summary.
Kiwengwa natural forest 3333 ha is located in the north east side of Unguja Island. It is the only remaining natural forest in North of the island with several potential species with both national and international recognitions. The reconnaissance botanical survey in Kiwengwa natural forest was conducted so that to explore and Explain the vegetation distribution, and dominant species The survey results explained that the forest has the following vegetation types
Shrub land. These types of vegetation is experienced in areas where shifting cultivation takes place in recent years and areas with hash soil conditions which makes the growth difficulties. This seen in north western parts, western central parts in Mgonjoni and kidutani and near Pongwe village.
Mixed thickets: This is experienced in areas where the most interesting species have been cleared and leave thorny trees , climbers and bush as a result it is difficult to pass through. This is experienced in Pongwe just after bush vegetation in ward within a distance of about 600m., North Eastern side and narrow belt near the road in the way from Kumba urembo towards Pongwe. The average height is 7m. and canopy cover varies from 30- 60%. The common species here are: Rhus, Diospyros, and Polyspheria, Psychotria bibracteatum, Eugenia, macphersonia, Mimusopsis fruticosa, Mystroxylon, Maytenus spp, Euclea racemosa, Olea woodiana, Encephalotus hildembandtii and climbers
Kiwengwa natural forest 3333 ha is located in the north east side of Unguja Island. It is the only remaining natural forest in North of the island with several potential species with both national and international recognitions. The reconnaissance botanical survey in Kiwengwa natural forest was conducted so that to explore and Explain the vegetation distribution, and dominant species The survey results explained that the forest has the following vegetation types
Shrub land. These types of vegetation is experienced in areas where shifting cultivation takes place in recent years and areas with hash soil conditions which makes the growth difficulties. This seen in north western parts, western central parts in Mgonjoni and kidutani and near Pongwe village.
Mixed thickets: This is experienced in areas where the most interesting species have been cleared and leave thorny trees , climbers and bush as a result it is difficult to pass through. This is experienced in Pongwe just after bush vegetation in ward within a distance of about 600m., North Eastern side and narrow belt near the road in the way from Kumba urembo towards Pongwe. The average height is 7m. and canopy cover varies from 30- 60%. The common species here are: Rhus, Diospyros, and Polyspheria, Psychotria bibracteatum, Eugenia, macphersonia, Mimusopsis fruticosa, Mystroxylon, Maytenus spp, Euclea racemosa, Olea woodiana, Encephalotus hildembandtii and climbers
Low coral rag: This is experienced in west and east sides of the forest after either thicket or shrub vegetations inwards from Kumba urembo to Pongwe. Sometimes is alternating with high coral rag. The average height range is 8-12m.and canopy cover is between50- 60%. The dominant species are Encephalartos, Euclea, Diospyros, Macphersonia, Eugenia, Mystroxylon, Psychotria bibracteatum. The regeneration is high and the forest has two storeys.
High coral rag: This is a long stretch from Kumba urembo south wards to Pongwe at the middle of the forest. The average height is between 15 –20m and canopy covers over 70% except in disturbed areas. The diameter at breast height reaches up to 30cm.The dominant tree species include; Eugenia spp, Encephalotus hildembrandtii, Diospyros, Macphersonia, Mystroxylon, Ozoroa, Terminalia boivinii, and Mimusopsis fruticosa. The forest is open, with storey and the regeneration is low, thus it is easy to pass through
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12) CORAL RAG SOIL FERTILITY IMPROVEMENT
Farmers’ Indigenous Knowledge and Practices.
Experience from Coral Rag Research Farmers Network of Zanzibar-Tanzania
Yussuf H. Kombo and Makame K. Makame
1998
Farmers’ Indigenous Knowledge and Practices.
Experience from Coral Rag Research Farmers Network of Zanzibar-Tanzania
Yussuf H. Kombo and Makame K. Makame
1998
Abstracts
Farmers in the coral rag soil of Zanzibar have been involved in farming system research since 1993. The coral rag soil covers about 60 % of the total land area on the eastern part of the Unguja Island and supports about 35% of the total [population of Zanzibar. Shifting cultivation is the main system applied which is becoming unsustainable in terms of fertility improvement and cover management. Several meetings, workshops and farmers to farmer visits were made, and they, managed to learn from each other. Research farmers expressed their knowledge and experiences on farming system of which they are familiar with.
During the course of studying it was found that much indigenous knowledge exist in the coral rag areas of Zanzibar which are the result of farmers design, adoption and inheritance in overcoming fertility declining problem. Agroforestry being and answer to the constraint for all techniques are based on the themes of integration. This has been achieved through exploratory research which starts with farmer’s ideas and innovation to improve and build up farming systems and practices which are sustainable for them.
This paper intend to document the seven ITKs which have been collected from the farmers Network study tours, field visits, monitoring and workshops.
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Farmers in the coral rag soil of Zanzibar have been involved in farming system research since 1993. The coral rag soil covers about 60 % of the total land area on the eastern part of the Unguja Island and supports about 35% of the total [population of Zanzibar. Shifting cultivation is the main system applied which is becoming unsustainable in terms of fertility improvement and cover management. Several meetings, workshops and farmers to farmer visits were made, and they, managed to learn from each other. Research farmers expressed their knowledge and experiences on farming system of which they are familiar with.
During the course of studying it was found that much indigenous knowledge exist in the coral rag areas of Zanzibar which are the result of farmers design, adoption and inheritance in overcoming fertility declining problem. Agroforestry being and answer to the constraint for all techniques are based on the themes of integration. This has been achieved through exploratory research which starts with farmer’s ideas and innovation to improve and build up farming systems and practices which are sustainable for them.
This paper intend to document the seven ITKs which have been collected from the farmers Network study tours, field visits, monitoring and workshops.
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13) NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO LIVELIHOOD AND ECONOMY OF ZANZIBAR.
FAO, Department of Commercial crops Fruit and Forestry – Zanzibar, NFP (Tanzania).
Kombo, YH, Soud M. Jumah, Abbas J. Mzee, Said Jumah and Mwinjuma M Saleh
2008
FAO, Department of Commercial crops Fruit and Forestry – Zanzibar, NFP (Tanzania).
Kombo, YH, Soud M. Jumah, Abbas J. Mzee, Said Jumah and Mwinjuma M Saleh
2008
Abstract
Non Wood Forest Products survey was conducted in Zanzibar with the objective of identifying and assessing the contribution of NWFPs to the people and community livelihood and National economy at large. Zanzibar together with the East Africa coastal Forests and Eastern Arc Mountains as part of the global biodiversity hotspots with various valuable and potential Non-wood forest products. However, deforestation has exerted great pressure on NWFPs.
The survey follows an initiative of the Ministry of Agriculture-Zanzibar specifically the Department for Commercial Crops/Forestry, which entered into a partnership agreement with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations for the implementation of the Zanzibar Long-term Forest Plan. FAO provided financial contribution through NFP-Facility and the Society for Natural Resources Conservation and Development (SONARECOD) was contracted for the study.
The study revealed that, NWFPs contribute significantly to socio-economic well being of the societies. Historical perspectives depicted the unique feature of production and export to Gulf States. NWFPs proved to offer diverse benefits to communities including supplement food, subsistence products, income and employment. NWFPs industry in Zanzibar is characterized as small in size, consumed domestically by the collectors, accessible to the poor. The study revealed livelihood security is increased by the income generated from marketing NWFPs.
Despite the increasing rate of forest resources exploitation still NWFPs are collected in reasonable distance of 1-25km and greatly dominated by the people with age class above 40 years, employing majority of marginalized group in formal employment including primary school leavers and people who attained informal education. The financial significance of NWFPs is small on a national scale compared with the profits made from timber sales. The survey results show that, 62.7% of collectors earn an average of 100 US $ per annum. However, there is considerable number of collectors whose income exceed to US $ 1600 per annum.
Constraints facing NWFPs in Zanzibar includes natural risks and inadequate capital for investment. To solve the problems, the study came up with several recommendations that include i) Identify incentives for NWFPs in line with fishing gear credits, agrochemical purchases, low products taxes, ii) Develop improved silvicultural management systems iii) Agriculture and forestry policy review to accommodate collaborative sustainable NWFPs multiple uses v) Study on environmental services as NWFPs especially water and ecotourism services.
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Non Wood Forest Products survey was conducted in Zanzibar with the objective of identifying and assessing the contribution of NWFPs to the people and community livelihood and National economy at large. Zanzibar together with the East Africa coastal Forests and Eastern Arc Mountains as part of the global biodiversity hotspots with various valuable and potential Non-wood forest products. However, deforestation has exerted great pressure on NWFPs.
The survey follows an initiative of the Ministry of Agriculture-Zanzibar specifically the Department for Commercial Crops/Forestry, which entered into a partnership agreement with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations for the implementation of the Zanzibar Long-term Forest Plan. FAO provided financial contribution through NFP-Facility and the Society for Natural Resources Conservation and Development (SONARECOD) was contracted for the study.
The study revealed that, NWFPs contribute significantly to socio-economic well being of the societies. Historical perspectives depicted the unique feature of production and export to Gulf States. NWFPs proved to offer diverse benefits to communities including supplement food, subsistence products, income and employment. NWFPs industry in Zanzibar is characterized as small in size, consumed domestically by the collectors, accessible to the poor. The study revealed livelihood security is increased by the income generated from marketing NWFPs.
Despite the increasing rate of forest resources exploitation still NWFPs are collected in reasonable distance of 1-25km and greatly dominated by the people with age class above 40 years, employing majority of marginalized group in formal employment including primary school leavers and people who attained informal education. The financial significance of NWFPs is small on a national scale compared with the profits made from timber sales. The survey results show that, 62.7% of collectors earn an average of 100 US $ per annum. However, there is considerable number of collectors whose income exceed to US $ 1600 per annum.
Constraints facing NWFPs in Zanzibar includes natural risks and inadequate capital for investment. To solve the problems, the study came up with several recommendations that include i) Identify incentives for NWFPs in line with fishing gear credits, agrochemical purchases, low products taxes, ii) Develop improved silvicultural management systems iii) Agriculture and forestry policy review to accommodate collaborative sustainable NWFPs multiple uses v) Study on environmental services as NWFPs especially water and ecotourism services.
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14) Eco-tourism in Jeopardy: Casuarina invasion threats biodiversity in Mnemba Island of Zanzibar – Tanzania
Yussuf H. Kombo, 2Ali A Mwinyi, 3Twahir A. Haji and 4Said A. Fakih
March, 2009
Yussuf H. Kombo, 2Ali A Mwinyi, 3Twahir A. Haji and 4Said A. Fakih
March, 2009
Abstract
Mnemba Island is located in the north east of Unguja Island. It lies between latitudes 5 49 11S and 39 23 E. The island cover an area of about 10.75 hectors. Mnemba was very common fishing zones in the region, but now it has been changed to a conservation area kept under investors who predicting Eco –tourism. The island is situated within a marine reserve comprising four distinct habitats which are home to a diverse array of Indian Ocean wildlife, Nesting place of threatened green turtles (monitoring and protection project has been underway since 1996), Seasonal viewing of humpback whales (July to September), Encounters with three species of dolphin. Excellent opportunities to view whale sharks (the world's largest fish), Migratory and resident shore birds feed and roost on the Island. Approximately 600 species of coral reef fish (http://www.mnemba-island.com/about_mnemba.aspx)
Naturally the island boasts less distorted tropical beach forest growing on the soft white sand without rocks outcrops. The entire island forest area contain natural form of ecoton which vividly delineates two major vegetation types; namely man-made and natural forest. The man- made forest is more or less a typical pure stand of Cassuarina species grown on the North-eastern side of the island interspaced with indigenous tree species while the rest part of the island is the composite of mixed Mnemba island native tree species with limited exotics; Coconut trees, Banana plants specie and others. However, the natural vegetation mosaic of the islet faces competition among tree species especially the vigorous invasive species of Pandanus kirkii and Casuarina. On March 2009 a reconnaissance study was done to analyse the impact of Casuarina equistifolia invasion to the biodiversity and the ecotourism of the island. The study revealed that the distribution of species isn’t uniform there are spots of species interspaced with specie within species. Species distribution is very much affected by the orientation and leewardness of the island sites. The impact of Casuarina to the biodiversity of the island affects almost half of the island. Pandus kirkii of different ages are found in the southern and central part of the island. As compared to the natural vegetation stands in the western, southern and central zones of the island, researches experienced limited number of birds visiting the areas with Casuarina. Few species of birds were found along the beach fed on creature rather than within the jungle of Casuarina. The effect of erosion as result of strong waves has been noted in eastern wind ward side of the island. Different species of birds do live in Mnemba including hardly countable Red-eyed doves, Reef heron (Swahili: Korongo), little egret (Swahili: Yange yange), while others are Browed coucal (Swahili Fufu/Tipitipi), Sun birds (Swahili: Chozi), Indian House Crows (Swahili: Kunguru), Green bull (Swahili: Kuruwiji), just to mention few; all do share same habitat. Of those listed birds; Red-Eyed-Doves are menace, seriously. The introduced antelopes and duikers were found to succumb the limited and shortage of fodder especially during dry season of a year. See turtle’s indices were obvious; well fenced and labelled sea turtles nesting were obvious located around the Mnemba beach, indicating good habitat for breeding of that particular creature.
=========================
Mnemba Island is located in the north east of Unguja Island. It lies between latitudes 5 49 11S and 39 23 E. The island cover an area of about 10.75 hectors. Mnemba was very common fishing zones in the region, but now it has been changed to a conservation area kept under investors who predicting Eco –tourism. The island is situated within a marine reserve comprising four distinct habitats which are home to a diverse array of Indian Ocean wildlife, Nesting place of threatened green turtles (monitoring and protection project has been underway since 1996), Seasonal viewing of humpback whales (July to September), Encounters with three species of dolphin. Excellent opportunities to view whale sharks (the world's largest fish), Migratory and resident shore birds feed and roost on the Island. Approximately 600 species of coral reef fish (http://www.mnemba-island.com/about_mnemba.aspx)
Naturally the island boasts less distorted tropical beach forest growing on the soft white sand without rocks outcrops. The entire island forest area contain natural form of ecoton which vividly delineates two major vegetation types; namely man-made and natural forest. The man- made forest is more or less a typical pure stand of Cassuarina species grown on the North-eastern side of the island interspaced with indigenous tree species while the rest part of the island is the composite of mixed Mnemba island native tree species with limited exotics; Coconut trees, Banana plants specie and others. However, the natural vegetation mosaic of the islet faces competition among tree species especially the vigorous invasive species of Pandanus kirkii and Casuarina. On March 2009 a reconnaissance study was done to analyse the impact of Casuarina equistifolia invasion to the biodiversity and the ecotourism of the island. The study revealed that the distribution of species isn’t uniform there are spots of species interspaced with specie within species. Species distribution is very much affected by the orientation and leewardness of the island sites. The impact of Casuarina to the biodiversity of the island affects almost half of the island. Pandus kirkii of different ages are found in the southern and central part of the island. As compared to the natural vegetation stands in the western, southern and central zones of the island, researches experienced limited number of birds visiting the areas with Casuarina. Few species of birds were found along the beach fed on creature rather than within the jungle of Casuarina. The effect of erosion as result of strong waves has been noted in eastern wind ward side of the island. Different species of birds do live in Mnemba including hardly countable Red-eyed doves, Reef heron (Swahili: Korongo), little egret (Swahili: Yange yange), while others are Browed coucal (Swahili Fufu/Tipitipi), Sun birds (Swahili: Chozi), Indian House Crows (Swahili: Kunguru), Green bull (Swahili: Kuruwiji), just to mention few; all do share same habitat. Of those listed birds; Red-Eyed-Doves are menace, seriously. The introduced antelopes and duikers were found to succumb the limited and shortage of fodder especially during dry season of a year. See turtle’s indices were obvious; well fenced and labelled sea turtles nesting were obvious located around the Mnemba beach, indicating good habitat for breeding of that particular creature.
=========================
15) Assessment of Traditional herbS AS POTENTIAL Remedy FOR MALE Erectile DysfunctionS.
A Case Study of Zanzibar – The United Republic of Tanzania
Yussuf H. Kombo, Twahir A. Haji and Said A. Fakih
July, 2009
(ED: Dr. Juma Malik Akil)
Abstract
The Erectile Dysfunctions (EDs) are a common male reproductive disorder in Zanzibar. The EDs which associates with sexual inefficiency and impotence usually cause a state of social unrest in most families. The lack of knowledge and inadequate research on the cause, effect and solution to this problem is a major challenge ahead of us. Detailed qualitative studies are required to investigate the potential effect of traditional medicines, herbal medicines and ethnobotacal on sexual performance, bearing in mind of their availability and affordability to a wider community. This study aimed at identification of potential herbs used in curative and management of EDs including the sexual impotence in man. A 12-months cross-sectional study was conducted in Zanzibar Town, Kiwengwa and a sample of selected villages around the main island of Zanzibar (Unguja) involved direct and indirect interviews, discussion and talks with experienced key informants including herbalists, botanists, foresters, agronomists, local villagers and researchers. The questions were focused on the knowledge of available plant spices used for treatment of EDs, methods applied in preparation and the dosage rates. A review of various documents related to this subject and field visits were also carried out. The study revealed 19 wild plants used for treating the EDs namely; Senna petersiana, Ethulia conzonoides, Canthium zanzibarica, Senna siamea, Zingiber officinales, Flagelaria guineensis, Abrus precatorius, Anacardium occidentalis, Azadarachta indica, Bixa orellana, Myristica fragrans, Cocos nucifera, Deinbodia borbonica, Macphersonia gracilis, Vernonia zanzibarensis, Carica papaya, Capolobia goetzei, Todolia asiatica and weni (unidentified spp). The study also shows that indigenous knowledge on the use of herbal plants is high in rural community but fairly unexploited. It was also observed that multiple uses of plants products (fruits, wood and amenity) can play enormous role in maintaining general community health apart from EDs. Finally, the results show that EDs, impotence and aphrodisiac can attack people of all ages (i.e. young, mature and aged) and wealthy status (rich and poor). Fortunately, the disorders could effectively be reduced by using most of local herbaceous plants.
A Case Study of Zanzibar – The United Republic of Tanzania
Yussuf H. Kombo, Twahir A. Haji and Said A. Fakih
July, 2009
(ED: Dr. Juma Malik Akil)
Abstract
The Erectile Dysfunctions (EDs) are a common male reproductive disorder in Zanzibar. The EDs which associates with sexual inefficiency and impotence usually cause a state of social unrest in most families. The lack of knowledge and inadequate research on the cause, effect and solution to this problem is a major challenge ahead of us. Detailed qualitative studies are required to investigate the potential effect of traditional medicines, herbal medicines and ethnobotacal on sexual performance, bearing in mind of their availability and affordability to a wider community. This study aimed at identification of potential herbs used in curative and management of EDs including the sexual impotence in man. A 12-months cross-sectional study was conducted in Zanzibar Town, Kiwengwa and a sample of selected villages around the main island of Zanzibar (Unguja) involved direct and indirect interviews, discussion and talks with experienced key informants including herbalists, botanists, foresters, agronomists, local villagers and researchers. The questions were focused on the knowledge of available plant spices used for treatment of EDs, methods applied in preparation and the dosage rates. A review of various documents related to this subject and field visits were also carried out. The study revealed 19 wild plants used for treating the EDs namely; Senna petersiana, Ethulia conzonoides, Canthium zanzibarica, Senna siamea, Zingiber officinales, Flagelaria guineensis, Abrus precatorius, Anacardium occidentalis, Azadarachta indica, Bixa orellana, Myristica fragrans, Cocos nucifera, Deinbodia borbonica, Macphersonia gracilis, Vernonia zanzibarensis, Carica papaya, Capolobia goetzei, Todolia asiatica and weni (unidentified spp). The study also shows that indigenous knowledge on the use of herbal plants is high in rural community but fairly unexploited. It was also observed that multiple uses of plants products (fruits, wood and amenity) can play enormous role in maintaining general community health apart from EDs. Finally, the results show that EDs, impotence and aphrodisiac can attack people of all ages (i.e. young, mature and aged) and wealthy status (rich and poor). Fortunately, the disorders could effectively be reduced by using most of local herbaceous plants.
===========================================================
16) CONSULTANCY REPORT ON
REVIEWING the CONSERVATION SECTION STAFFING AND STAFF TRAINING- Zanzibar:
Tanzania Association of Foresters - Zanzibar zone, Forestry & Beekeeping Division - Dar es salaam, WWF, GEF, UNDP and Department of Forestry and Non Renewable Reosurces, Zanzibar
Yussuf H. Kombo, Ali U. Basha, Miza K. Suleiman
July, 2011.
16) CONSULTANCY REPORT ON
REVIEWING the CONSERVATION SECTION STAFFING AND STAFF TRAINING- Zanzibar:
Tanzania Association of Foresters - Zanzibar zone, Forestry & Beekeeping Division - Dar es salaam, WWF, GEF, UNDP and Department of Forestry and Non Renewable Reosurces, Zanzibar
Yussuf H. Kombo, Ali U. Basha, Miza K. Suleiman
July, 2011.
Summary
The study to analyze and reviewing the conservation section staffing and staff training was assigned to the Tanzania Association of Foresters Zone of Zanzibar. The assignment has an intention of e examining the potential institutional strategies including recommendations for the preferred approach and the proposed organizational structure, staffing and training. Also the task results reveal the potential and the role of private sector, community and NGO participation with recommendations on which activities should involve them. Among other things the assignment presents current situation of the conservation section, Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the current conservation Proposal for Structural requirements for implementing the preferred institutional and management functions, the role of private sectors in forestry and natural resources conservation and Recommendations for possible interventions has been detailed.
=============================
17) A Consultancy Report
Identified the training needs in the Department of Forestry & non renewable natural resources, Zanzibar:
Tanzania Association of Foresters - Zanzibar zone, Forestry & Beekeeping Division - Dar es salaam, WWF, GEF, UNDP and Department of Forestry and Non Renewable Reosurces, Zanzibar
The study to analyze and reviewing the conservation section staffing and staff training was assigned to the Tanzania Association of Foresters Zone of Zanzibar. The assignment has an intention of e examining the potential institutional strategies including recommendations for the preferred approach and the proposed organizational structure, staffing and training. Also the task results reveal the potential and the role of private sector, community and NGO participation with recommendations on which activities should involve them. Among other things the assignment presents current situation of the conservation section, Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the current conservation Proposal for Structural requirements for implementing the preferred institutional and management functions, the role of private sectors in forestry and natural resources conservation and Recommendations for possible interventions has been detailed.
=============================
17) A Consultancy Report
Identified the training needs in the Department of Forestry & non renewable natural resources, Zanzibar:
Tanzania Association of Foresters - Zanzibar zone, Forestry & Beekeeping Division - Dar es salaam, WWF, GEF, UNDP and Department of Forestry and Non Renewable Reosurces, Zanzibar
Yussuf H. Kombo, Ali U. Basha, Miza K. Suleiman
July, 2011.
Executive summary
This training need assessment meant to serve the planning process of Department of Forestry and Non Renwable Resources of Zanzibar (DFNRNR) to determine the skills gaps subsequently the training needs. The assessment has been designed to examine the daily tasks of individuals and organization profiles. In this context, training needs was fundamental step in developing a comprehensive training system in DFNRNR as it identified what is needed, when it is needed, and how it should be delivered. It is becoming widely recognized that the outputs of informal and formal training should be enhanced by assessing the level of skills and needs as well as knowledge of potential staff before implementing the training plan.
A series of methods were used for gathering and subsequently appraised information related to the job functions and tasks performed by staff potentially in need of training. Those methods analyzed answers to personal questionnaires, interviewing key persons, conducting focus workshops with staff, reviewing recent publications, and observations of working practices and working conditions. The key informants of this assessment were forestry staffs and civil societies work in partnership with DFNFR. The subcategory covered the Forest officers, Field attendants, Drivers, Office attendants, Workshops/stores and Watchmen/guards. The assessment employed systematic Multistage Random sampling design to carryout Training Need Assessment Survey and Opinion on Training Needs information. A multistage random sample of an entire population of 850 staffs and civil society were subdivided into smaller groups of core function personnel, sub core function and supporting staffs. Thirty four percent (34.57%) responded that in few occasion demonstrated the skills capacity at work, and 17.90% identified at many occasion demonstrated the skills capacity at work while 4.93% admitted that in most occasions demonstrated the skills capacity at work. Thus effective communication, reporting data, information sharing and channeling were learnt as the key skill gaps among the government employees and civil society. Understanding the regulatory framework, ability of using a wide range of equipments, ability to act politely, team working, build relation and train others has been categorized as the secondary skill gap that needs specific training programs. Furthermore the assessment found that the nursery attendants admitted to lack basic skills on occupational health and work safety, the office attendants have confirmed the training needs on Workplace Skills, Personal Growth and Self Help, occupational health and work safety, information technology program and professional driving. The civil society has shown incapacity on fundraising and contract management, disaster risk reduction in forestry, natural resource management & governance, entrepreneurial management, business and management skills. The executives has established a long list of long term training programs at variable level including forestry, agriculture, apiculture, and environmental science and wildlife resources. Short term training programs on emerging global issues such as Climate change, REDD, Pay-environmental service, Democratic & Good governance, Research and Information technology.
=============================================================
18) The Negelectedreasures of Zanzibar.
The Hiden Treasue of Masingini Forest – Zanzibar. In the business news magazine: Issue No. 006, April – June , 2011. Zanzibar Chamber of Commerce:
YUSSUF H. KOMBO
2011
Summary:
Masingini forest is locates 8 km from Zanzibar municipality. The jungle has 566 ha of natural and planted tree stands. It is situated at the highest peak of Zanzibar with 120 meter point above sea level. The forest is one among rare scenes in the world with hundreds of attractions for tourist and conservation values with international significance. Historically the forest was established in 1950s for the purpose of conservation of water sources for Zanzibar town. The jungle is composed of both natural forest and planted forest. The forest is rich in attractions of which most of investors and Zanzibar is are not aware of. Some of these are seen as useless by local inhabitants in the surrounding villages and even in town. To mention few the following are among more that 30 potential investment opportunities in the forest that include Steep and deep gullies, Botanical garden, Nature trailing, Birds, Reptiles and mammals watching, Zanzibar tower and Jungle marathons
===========================================================================================
19) NEGLECTED TREASURE OF ZANZIBAR.
Secret of plants – Tithonia diversifolia: Article in the the business news. Issue No. 006, April – June , 2011. Zanzibar Chamber of Commerce:.
YUSSUF H. KOMBO
2011
The combination of human races has great impact on feeding behaviors, medication, believes and religious. One thing in common in Zanzibar is that almost all Zanzibaris are making use of spices and other herbal plants in their daily lives. The use of spices and herbal medicines accounts for over 80 percent either direct or indirect, openly or in closures. This article presents the use of Tithonia diversifolia locally in Kiswahili known as Mshubiri mwitu narrowly understood in herbal medication. The plant is one of un popular species in the island.. The plant is bitter in test in all parts. Few knowledgeable Zanzibaris are using the plant to cure hernia and abdominal problems. This allows the plant to be used as an ornamental in some places. Some herbalists have explained the plant to be one among the plans with strong chemical contents in its concoctions, thus making it unsuitable for pregnant women as it might lead to early abortion and reproductive organs problems. The use of plant combating the problem of hypertension is still in elders mind. The essential oils made from the plant seeds and other parts of the plant have the potential of solving the problem of skin rushes and fungus. Unfortunately deep studies have not been conducted in Zanzibar.
============================================================
20) Zanzibar Forest Biodiversity versus energy crisis and climate changes
Toward Zanzibar Environmental Policy Formulation
By Yusuf H Kombo
March 2010
Abstract
Zanzibar being part of the United Republic of Tanzania and the most popular islands in the east Africa coasts, suffers severe natural resources degradation resulting from multiple factors that include population (app. 1,300,000 inhabitants) growth (3.1%) and tourism industry development. Among resources which face massive humiliation all over the Island, forest is at great risk of being wiped out.
The Government of Zanzibar (GoZ) realised the situation and took urgent measures to rescue the situation. The Zanzibar massive tree planting programme started in 1979 with the Zanzibar Forestry Development Project under the support of FINNIDA. The project ended in 1997. However, over the period of 6 consecutive years, since 1995, the GoZ, with support from the international community has conducted an ICD Programme through the Jozani Chwaka Bay Conservation Project (JCBCP), with the general goal of achieving sustainable conservation of the biodiversity of Zanzibar islands, in particular the last remaining ground water forest and connected fauna to improve the long term living conditions of the population of Unguja island (Kombo et al, 2006).
Generally, Zanzibar looks green all the year around with natural richness in terrestrial and marine natural resources. It had a good balance between services, supply and demand. However, like many other poor countries, Zanzibar could not escape the fact of her people having a heavy direct dependence on natural resources. So, presently the resources, especially forests, have diminished mostly through human interference both in area and in species richness. Population growth leading to a higher demand for settlements, agriculture and other infrastructure developments had an impact on the resource base, threatening the productive and protective capacity of the resources. (Kombo et al, 2006).
Traditional medicines have been widely used in both rural and urban areas in Zanzibar. Conservation of these important habitats is very crucial because they can directly protect and maintain the biological resources within these habitats. Conservation of natural forests through believes and traditions are also crucial. In Zanzibar many patches of natural forests were conserved by local communities for worship and cultural believe. These are sacred forests used to spread all over the island of Unguja and Pemba. The sacred forests are called misitu ya jadi or misitu ya mizimu in Zanzibar in Swahili language. The area of sacred forest is not clearly defined in administrative documents; however, it is apparent that the sacred forests ate seriously declining in both the size and quality of their resources in Zanzibar, Tanzania, as in other part of tropics (Madeweya, 2004).
Indeed, for the people of Zanzibar, forests provide numerous essential benefits, many of which are vital to the fundamental well being of the nation. It has been estimated that over 90% of the total population of Zanzibar is dependent on wood fuel as the main source of energy. House construction relies largely on supply of building materials from mangroves and the coral rag forests. These forests harbour a great number of wildlife species, some of which are endemic and endangered.
These papers highlights some issues on forestry, biodiversity and energy issues as a way forward toward formulation of new Zanzibar integrated environment policy.
----------------------------
Presented to the Zanzibar Integrated Environment Policy Formulation Committee
Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Environment - Zanzibar, Tanzania.
===========================
July, 2011.
Executive summary
This training need assessment meant to serve the planning process of Department of Forestry and Non Renwable Resources of Zanzibar (DFNRNR) to determine the skills gaps subsequently the training needs. The assessment has been designed to examine the daily tasks of individuals and organization profiles. In this context, training needs was fundamental step in developing a comprehensive training system in DFNRNR as it identified what is needed, when it is needed, and how it should be delivered. It is becoming widely recognized that the outputs of informal and formal training should be enhanced by assessing the level of skills and needs as well as knowledge of potential staff before implementing the training plan.
A series of methods were used for gathering and subsequently appraised information related to the job functions and tasks performed by staff potentially in need of training. Those methods analyzed answers to personal questionnaires, interviewing key persons, conducting focus workshops with staff, reviewing recent publications, and observations of working practices and working conditions. The key informants of this assessment were forestry staffs and civil societies work in partnership with DFNFR. The subcategory covered the Forest officers, Field attendants, Drivers, Office attendants, Workshops/stores and Watchmen/guards. The assessment employed systematic Multistage Random sampling design to carryout Training Need Assessment Survey and Opinion on Training Needs information. A multistage random sample of an entire population of 850 staffs and civil society were subdivided into smaller groups of core function personnel, sub core function and supporting staffs. Thirty four percent (34.57%) responded that in few occasion demonstrated the skills capacity at work, and 17.90% identified at many occasion demonstrated the skills capacity at work while 4.93% admitted that in most occasions demonstrated the skills capacity at work. Thus effective communication, reporting data, information sharing and channeling were learnt as the key skill gaps among the government employees and civil society. Understanding the regulatory framework, ability of using a wide range of equipments, ability to act politely, team working, build relation and train others has been categorized as the secondary skill gap that needs specific training programs. Furthermore the assessment found that the nursery attendants admitted to lack basic skills on occupational health and work safety, the office attendants have confirmed the training needs on Workplace Skills, Personal Growth and Self Help, occupational health and work safety, information technology program and professional driving. The civil society has shown incapacity on fundraising and contract management, disaster risk reduction in forestry, natural resource management & governance, entrepreneurial management, business and management skills. The executives has established a long list of long term training programs at variable level including forestry, agriculture, apiculture, and environmental science and wildlife resources. Short term training programs on emerging global issues such as Climate change, REDD, Pay-environmental service, Democratic & Good governance, Research and Information technology.
=============================================================
18) The Negelectedreasures of Zanzibar.
The Hiden Treasue of Masingini Forest – Zanzibar. In the business news magazine: Issue No. 006, April – June , 2011. Zanzibar Chamber of Commerce:
YUSSUF H. KOMBO
2011
Summary:
Masingini forest is locates 8 km from Zanzibar municipality. The jungle has 566 ha of natural and planted tree stands. It is situated at the highest peak of Zanzibar with 120 meter point above sea level. The forest is one among rare scenes in the world with hundreds of attractions for tourist and conservation values with international significance. Historically the forest was established in 1950s for the purpose of conservation of water sources for Zanzibar town. The jungle is composed of both natural forest and planted forest. The forest is rich in attractions of which most of investors and Zanzibar is are not aware of. Some of these are seen as useless by local inhabitants in the surrounding villages and even in town. To mention few the following are among more that 30 potential investment opportunities in the forest that include Steep and deep gullies, Botanical garden, Nature trailing, Birds, Reptiles and mammals watching, Zanzibar tower and Jungle marathons
===========================================================================================
19) NEGLECTED TREASURE OF ZANZIBAR.
Secret of plants – Tithonia diversifolia: Article in the the business news. Issue No. 006, April – June , 2011. Zanzibar Chamber of Commerce:.
YUSSUF H. KOMBO
2011
The combination of human races has great impact on feeding behaviors, medication, believes and religious. One thing in common in Zanzibar is that almost all Zanzibaris are making use of spices and other herbal plants in their daily lives. The use of spices and herbal medicines accounts for over 80 percent either direct or indirect, openly or in closures. This article presents the use of Tithonia diversifolia locally in Kiswahili known as Mshubiri mwitu narrowly understood in herbal medication. The plant is one of un popular species in the island.. The plant is bitter in test in all parts. Few knowledgeable Zanzibaris are using the plant to cure hernia and abdominal problems. This allows the plant to be used as an ornamental in some places. Some herbalists have explained the plant to be one among the plans with strong chemical contents in its concoctions, thus making it unsuitable for pregnant women as it might lead to early abortion and reproductive organs problems. The use of plant combating the problem of hypertension is still in elders mind. The essential oils made from the plant seeds and other parts of the plant have the potential of solving the problem of skin rushes and fungus. Unfortunately deep studies have not been conducted in Zanzibar.
============================================================
20) Zanzibar Forest Biodiversity versus energy crisis and climate changes
Toward Zanzibar Environmental Policy Formulation
By Yusuf H Kombo
March 2010
Abstract
Zanzibar being part of the United Republic of Tanzania and the most popular islands in the east Africa coasts, suffers severe natural resources degradation resulting from multiple factors that include population (app. 1,300,000 inhabitants) growth (3.1%) and tourism industry development. Among resources which face massive humiliation all over the Island, forest is at great risk of being wiped out.
The Government of Zanzibar (GoZ) realised the situation and took urgent measures to rescue the situation. The Zanzibar massive tree planting programme started in 1979 with the Zanzibar Forestry Development Project under the support of FINNIDA. The project ended in 1997. However, over the period of 6 consecutive years, since 1995, the GoZ, with support from the international community has conducted an ICD Programme through the Jozani Chwaka Bay Conservation Project (JCBCP), with the general goal of achieving sustainable conservation of the biodiversity of Zanzibar islands, in particular the last remaining ground water forest and connected fauna to improve the long term living conditions of the population of Unguja island (Kombo et al, 2006).
Generally, Zanzibar looks green all the year around with natural richness in terrestrial and marine natural resources. It had a good balance between services, supply and demand. However, like many other poor countries, Zanzibar could not escape the fact of her people having a heavy direct dependence on natural resources. So, presently the resources, especially forests, have diminished mostly through human interference both in area and in species richness. Population growth leading to a higher demand for settlements, agriculture and other infrastructure developments had an impact on the resource base, threatening the productive and protective capacity of the resources. (Kombo et al, 2006).
Traditional medicines have been widely used in both rural and urban areas in Zanzibar. Conservation of these important habitats is very crucial because they can directly protect and maintain the biological resources within these habitats. Conservation of natural forests through believes and traditions are also crucial. In Zanzibar many patches of natural forests were conserved by local communities for worship and cultural believe. These are sacred forests used to spread all over the island of Unguja and Pemba. The sacred forests are called misitu ya jadi or misitu ya mizimu in Zanzibar in Swahili language. The area of sacred forest is not clearly defined in administrative documents; however, it is apparent that the sacred forests ate seriously declining in both the size and quality of their resources in Zanzibar, Tanzania, as in other part of tropics (Madeweya, 2004).
Indeed, for the people of Zanzibar, forests provide numerous essential benefits, many of which are vital to the fundamental well being of the nation. It has been estimated that over 90% of the total population of Zanzibar is dependent on wood fuel as the main source of energy. House construction relies largely on supply of building materials from mangroves and the coral rag forests. These forests harbour a great number of wildlife species, some of which are endemic and endangered.
These papers highlights some issues on forestry, biodiversity and energy issues as a way forward toward formulation of new Zanzibar integrated environment policy.
----------------------------
Presented to the Zanzibar Integrated Environment Policy Formulation Committee
Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Environment - Zanzibar, Tanzania.
===========================
21) Tree resources assessment IN BUMBWINI – MKOTONI BAY VILLAGES
Reconnaissance Survey on Ethno-botanical Values of Upland Trees in Bumbwini – Mkokotoni Bay Project Zanzibar.
August, 2010
Yussuf Kombo, Tahir Abbas Haji and Hassan Ishak Bakari (BSc. General)
Summary
The investigatory study on plants and their socio economic values has been done in the project areas of Bumbwini – Mkokotoni Bay and the surrounding villages. The study focused on assessing the social economic values of different tree species apart from mangroves in the villages surrounding the bay. This report presents primary findings on features on existing tree species, threats to existing trees, introduced species, disappearing species and assess community perceptions. General findings of the study revealed that
a) Almost all villages have almost similar species. Hover, vernacular names differs in different areas.
b) Common uses of the plants are medicinal, food, fire wood, timber, dye, boat ribs, catchment, soap and ropes.
c) Communities have has different perspectives to several trees.
d) The study results show that most community member and the key informants are knowledgeable to higher plants but less knowledgeable to lower plants. Lower plants have been shallowly mentioned indicating shortage of information.
e) Mkokotoni village has 18 uses tree species of different uses
f) The study revealed 38 tree species that are in common daily uses at Mto wa pwani village
g) Mafufuni village indicate that the communities are very conversant with medicinal plants and that many trees are conserved for the same purpose. Out of forty seven (47) plants 25 species (53.2%) have medical values. Either all species have multipurpose functions
h) Fujoni village seems to be high as compared to other villages. The study findings indicate that about 50 plant species are common for the daily livelihood of the village. In Fujoni village almost 62%of commonly used plants are medicinal plants while the rest are for other uses.
i) Kiomba mvua village revealed 43 useful tree mostly for medicine, food , pole and firewood
j) Muwanda village: The study findings in Muwanda village prevails that villagers are much more conversant with multipurpose uses of trees as compared to other villages. Plants that showed no medical values in Mafufuni, Kiomba mvua, Fujoni, Mto wa pwani and Mkokotoni have been described to be medicinal in Muwanda. Out of 48 identified trees and plants, only 18 (37.5%) plants showed no medical values. The rest 30 plants (62.5%) have shown medical values. Also many of the identified plants are used as food, pole and timber. The study recommends:
i) A detailed study on plants and their uses, ii) Community education on multipurpose nature of trees, iii) Conservation techniques and agro forestry farming techniques are important to be introduce in the areas for the purpose of saving trees diversity, increasing number of species of fruit and food plants and income generation.
United Nation Development Program (UNDP) and Tanzania Office – Dar es Salaam, The Tanzania Foresters Association- Zanzibar Zone -(Zone of Zanzibar.)
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22) THE ZANZIBAR STONE TOWN LARGE TREES INVENTORY
Yussuf H. Kombo, Makame K. Makame, Khamis M. Juma and Said A. Fakih.
2003
Reconnaissance Survey on Ethno-botanical Values of Upland Trees in Bumbwini – Mkokotoni Bay Project Zanzibar.
August, 2010
Yussuf Kombo, Tahir Abbas Haji and Hassan Ishak Bakari (BSc. General)
Summary
The investigatory study on plants and their socio economic values has been done in the project areas of Bumbwini – Mkokotoni Bay and the surrounding villages. The study focused on assessing the social economic values of different tree species apart from mangroves in the villages surrounding the bay. This report presents primary findings on features on existing tree species, threats to existing trees, introduced species, disappearing species and assess community perceptions. General findings of the study revealed that
a) Almost all villages have almost similar species. Hover, vernacular names differs in different areas.
b) Common uses of the plants are medicinal, food, fire wood, timber, dye, boat ribs, catchment, soap and ropes.
c) Communities have has different perspectives to several trees.
d) The study results show that most community member and the key informants are knowledgeable to higher plants but less knowledgeable to lower plants. Lower plants have been shallowly mentioned indicating shortage of information.
e) Mkokotoni village has 18 uses tree species of different uses
f) The study revealed 38 tree species that are in common daily uses at Mto wa pwani village
g) Mafufuni village indicate that the communities are very conversant with medicinal plants and that many trees are conserved for the same purpose. Out of forty seven (47) plants 25 species (53.2%) have medical values. Either all species have multipurpose functions
h) Fujoni village seems to be high as compared to other villages. The study findings indicate that about 50 plant species are common for the daily livelihood of the village. In Fujoni village almost 62%of commonly used plants are medicinal plants while the rest are for other uses.
i) Kiomba mvua village revealed 43 useful tree mostly for medicine, food , pole and firewood
j) Muwanda village: The study findings in Muwanda village prevails that villagers are much more conversant with multipurpose uses of trees as compared to other villages. Plants that showed no medical values in Mafufuni, Kiomba mvua, Fujoni, Mto wa pwani and Mkokotoni have been described to be medicinal in Muwanda. Out of 48 identified trees and plants, only 18 (37.5%) plants showed no medical values. The rest 30 plants (62.5%) have shown medical values. Also many of the identified plants are used as food, pole and timber. The study recommends:
i) A detailed study on plants and their uses, ii) Community education on multipurpose nature of trees, iii) Conservation techniques and agro forestry farming techniques are important to be introduce in the areas for the purpose of saving trees diversity, increasing number of species of fruit and food plants and income generation.
United Nation Development Program (UNDP) and Tanzania Office – Dar es Salaam, The Tanzania Foresters Association- Zanzibar Zone -(Zone of Zanzibar.)
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22) THE ZANZIBAR STONE TOWN LARGE TREES INVENTORY
Yussuf H. Kombo, Makame K. Makame, Khamis M. Juma and Said A. Fakih.
2003
Abstract
Urban forestry plays numerous roles to ameliorate the environment of human settlement. It is obliging to enhance aesthetic, heritage and biological values, social and economic conditions of urban dwellers. The Stone town large trees inventory focused on a 100% identification of large trees on avenues, gardens, barazas and cemeteries. The study documented a total of 475 larger trees of greater than 50cm diameter at breast height belonging to 17 families. This indicates that the Stone town of Zanzibar exhibits very low species diversity with large diameters dominated by Albizia spp (27.79%), Casuarina equisetifolia (25.05%), Azadirachta indica (12%) and Ficus spp. (6.89%). Thus, from the study the amenity value of large trees in Zanzibar stone town is at minimal. More than 80% of the trees in the Stone town of Zanzibar face problems of soil compaction and root cut suphocation. Trees along the avenues and barazas fall victims of road construction that might lead to instability during strong storms. What's more, the tree loving habit of the stone town inhabitant is dubious as most of the trees were found in public or government managed lands/plots (about 90%). Nursery activities within the Stone town are of greater importance as these may improve tree-loving habits, hence, species diversity of the Stone town of Zanzibar.
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23) Integrated land, forestry and tourism: In the status of Zanzibar Coastal Resources : Towards the development of Integrated Coastal Management Strategies and Action Plan.
Yussuf Kombo, Mlenge H Juma and Said Othman
2009
Summary
The paper explains in detailed the policy, laws and guidelines in land management in Zanzibar. It highlights issues on land tenure rights and systems, land sues conflict and the national land sues plans. The issues of land transfer in tourism development, land disputes, and some information on settlements has been covered.
The paper also highlights issues on forest of Zanzibar. The stouts of coastal forest and thickets have been covers. Causes of coastal thicket destrictyuion have been revealed. Mangroves have been detailed in terms of species, exploitation, and hidden values. The negative impacts in missus of flora and fauna has been stipulated clearly in the paper. Community attitudes in forestry and their opinions have been well presented. Recommendation and way forward as been made clear.
Tourism issues on international perspective, tourism development status, tourism attraction and management issues that include conflicts have been fully presents. Sustainable tourism practices, current management practices and survey results have been indicated namely main activities. Distribution of districts that are involved in tourism activities. Recommendation for further action was given that include sectoral integration.
SUMMARY
1) Kombo, Y.H (1994): AGROFORESTRY ION THE CORAL RAGS OF ZANZIBAR AND SCOPE FOR DEVELOPMENT. MSc. Thesis – University of Bangor – Wales, UK)
2) Kombo Y.H., Ali B.A and Khadija M. Khamis (1995): A Casuarina equisetifolia study of small Scale nurseries. Marketing and transportation of seedling
3) Kombo Y.H., Silima P.A and Omar A.B. (1995): Zanzibar Rubber Plantation Management Plan
4) Kombo Y.H, Makame K. M, and Fakih S.A. (1996): Utilization of Indigenous Trees in Seaweed Cultivation. A Casuarina equisetifolia study at Kiwengwa, Pwani Mchangani and Uroa villages
5) Harvey. S, Kombo, Y.H and Makame K.M (1998): Agroforestry on-farm trial in the coral rags soils of Zanzibar
6) Kombo, Y.H and Makame K.M (1998): The Cures of Jozani Forest
7) Kombo Y.H (1996): Indigenous Tree for Agroforestry. High potential tree for the coral rags.
8) Silima P.A, Kombo Y.H and Omar A.B (1995): Zanzibar Rubber Plantation Management Plan
9) Kombo, Y.H, Makame K.M, and Fakih S.A (1996): Utilization of Indigenous Trees in Seaweed Cultivation. A Casuarina equisetifolia study at Kiwengwa, Pwani Mchangani and Uroa villages
10) Kombo Y.H, Harvey. S and Kitwana M.K (1998): Agroforstry on-farm trial in the coral rags
11) Kombo Y. H, Ali S.J, FAKIH S.A, Tahir A. H Duncan Oliver, D ( ): Vegetation Reconnaissance Survey of Kiwengwa Forest Reserve – Zanzibar, Tanzania.
12) Yussuf H. Kombo and Makame K. Makame (1998): Coral rag Soil Fertility Improvement. Farmers’ Indigenous Knowledge and Practices. Experience from Coral Rag Research Farmers Network of Zanzibar-Tanzania
13) Kombo. Y.H, Twahir A.H and Fakih S.A (2009): Assessment of Traditional Herbs as Potential remedy for Male Erectile Dysfunction. A Casuarina equisetifolia Study of Zanzibar – The United Republic of Tanzania
14) Kombo Y.H, Jumah S.M, Mzee A.J, Ali S.J and Saleh M.M (2008): NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO LIVELIHOOD AND ECONOMY OF ZANZIBAR. FAO, Department of Commercial crops Fruit and Forestry – Zanzibar, NFP (Tanzania).
15) Kombo, Y.H, Mwinyi A.A; Twahir A.H and Fakih S.A (2009): Eco-tourism in Jeopardy: Casuarina invasion threats biodiversity in Mnemba Island of Zanzibar – Tanzania.
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